Taxes provided about $136.8 billion of the World War 2 total cost of $304 billion. With a need to cover the other $167.2 billion the United States Treasury expanded it bond program. Bond Drives were campaigns by the government to encourage United States citizens to buy U.S. Treasury Bonds to help finance the War. Bonds were seen as a way to reduce inflation and remove money from circulation. Bonds were called “Liberty Bonds,” in World War 1, and then called Defense Bonds, after the surprise military strike by the Japanese Navy against the United States naval base Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941), the name was then switched to War Bonds. The War Bonds was only an emotional appeal to patriotic citizens to lend their money to the government because the War Bonds offered a rate of low return below the market value. President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Henry Morgenthau Jr., to Secretary of Treasure of the United States in 1934. Henry Morgenthau, Jr., believed that the average citizen would help win the war by buying War Bonds. Henry Morgenthau Jr., then set up an elaborate system to help finance the war through the marketing of an unprecedented bond buying campaign, one of the largest bond buying campaigns ever seen. They used the mass media (newspapers, radio, magazines, .etc) to encourage and heavily publicized the importance of every citizen to support the United Stated during the War. Bond Drives were also marketed through popular culture, with icons and actors such as Kate Smith, Bette Davis, Greer Garson and even posters of cartoon characters, Mickey Mouse and Popeye. Movie Star Kate Smith toured the country and raised $ 39 million dollars through a radio broadcast. The U.S. Government organized a series of 8 War Bond drives, starting from November 30, 1942 to the Last Victory Loan drive on December 8, 1945. Starting in 1942 Americans could buy bonds in installment plans from payroll deductions at their place of employment. Children could also buy bonds on installment plans by buying stamps and placing them in a book until they saved the $18.75 required to purchase a $25 War Bond. Bonds sold at 75% of their face value. The War Bonds didn’t yield much financial prosperity for the individual who purchased them, only a 2.9% income after a 10 year maturity. The War Bonds were used to help gain capital to finance the War as well as give the citizens a tangible feeling of Patriotism, support and involvement in the War. By the end of the World War 2 (January 3, 1942) more than 85 million Americans purchased War Bonds more than half the population and purchased War Bonds totaling over $185.7 billion.